The role of the sniper in military warfare has been a significant topic of study and interest for centuries. The history of snipers dates back as early as the 18th century when they were often called sharpshooters. The use of these individuals as precise shooters has been proven advantageous in many wars, which has led to their evolution and enhancement through the course of history.
The Origins of the Sniper
It was during the British occupation of India that the term “sniper” originated. The Snipe, a small agile bird that is difficult to hunt, required a prominent level of marksmanship and field craft. The individuals that were proficient in this style of hunting were termed, “snipers.”
The first recognized military use of snipers was by the British Army during the American Revolution. The British relied on sharpshooters to target important enemies or leaders during battles from long distances, disrupting their command and control. Many of these early snipers were selected for their marksmanship abilities and taught to shoot accurately and efficiently in various positions and conditions. Some well-known snipers during the Revolutionary War include Daniel Morgan, Timothy Murphy, and Francis Marion.
One of the most notable incidents of the time is commonly referred to as “the shot not taken.” While on a scouting mission, Scottish officer Major Patrick Ferguson chose to refrain from taking a shot against George Washington. Although this would have drastically altered the outcome of the war, there are only speculative theories as to why Major Ferguson chose to refrain. One speculation regarding his choice is the shot would have been to Washington’s back, thus seen as unchivalrous and dishonorable. Another speculates his understanding as to the political repercussions of killing such a prominent figure. Nonetheless, Major Ferguson is further noted for his vast innovations in military tactics and the development of the breech-loading rifle which armed snipers with increased efficiency on the battlefield.
In the early 19th century, snipers were used in the Napoleonic wars as well by the British, French, and Russian armies. However, snipers during that time worked individually rather than in pairs, and the practice remained unorthodox in most military systems. Throughout history and into the Civil War era, many military leaders viewed snipers as unethical and cowardly for attacking enemies from afar. Despite this, they continued to play a significant role in the operations and the presence of snipers became a prominent part of the military force often used in conjunction with artillery and other infantry units to prove advantageous against enemy forces.
World Wars
During World War I, snipers were extensively used by most armies. They were able to effectively target and neutralize key personnel of the enemy as well as disrupt communication and supply lines. Moreover, snipers used their skill to create psychological warfare, as enemy soldiers were in constant fear of becoming a target from a long-range sniper.
The development and advancement of firearms technology further transformed the role of snipers in warfare. The use of the bolt-action rifle in World War I and the integration of telescopic sights in the late 1920s allowed snipers to shoot accurately over long distances with precision.
The sniper’s role became even more significant during World War II when the use of snipers was seen as an important and strategic weapon during the conflict. This period saw the introduction of snipers operating in pairs, one who acted as a shooter and the other as a spotter. During this time, the missions typically involved reconnaissance, observation, or elimination of high-value targets.
The Modernization of the Sniper
Post World War II, snipers became an essential part of special operations and counter-terrorism units. Their presence on both sides of the Korean War and Vietnam Wars continued to demonstrate the individuals are highly trained and equipped with sophisticated weapons and optic systems that enable them to engage targets at great distances. The most notably famous sniper of the Vietnam War was United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock. Hathcock is known for his remarkable long-range abilities and his role in neutralizing a significant threat known as “Apache.”
Snipers are now viewed as a force multiplier and a strategic asset that can bring about an asymmetrical advantage in various conflict scenarios. In recent times, the extensive use of snipers in the Gulf War, Iraq War, Afghanistan, and ongoing middle eastern conflicts demonstrate their essential role in the wars, military operations, and counterterrorism, and their history and evolution remind us of their continued importance in modern warfare as they provide valuable intelligence, counter enemy snipers, disrupt operations and protect friendly forces.
Conclusively, the history of snipers is rooted in the evolution of warfare. A soldier with the ability to target enemies from long range has always been a significant asset to the army. The advancements in technology including high-powered rifles and advanced optics systems have increased the sniper’s abilities to provide reconnaissance and support for military units. In current times, snipers are commonly used in law enforcement, counterterrorism, and other security operations.
